The world’s longest continuous monitoring of N₂O and CO₂ emissions
from an agricultural field

Open access to archived (2006-2016) TGAS-MAN flux gradient micrometeorological data is available here.

Check out TGAS-MAN weather conditions or see if anything is happening at Tower #3 with our live cam.

Jump to:
Origin Story
Site and Infrastructure
Summary of Experimental Manipulations
Phase 1: 2005-2017
Phase 2: 2018-
Support and Funding Sources

Download this page as a printable PDF.

TGAS-MAN Origins

When Dr. Mario Tenuta began his career at the University of Manitoba, he recognized that there was a lack of information on whole year budgets of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, especially together, from cropping systems in the prairies and elsewhere in Canada. This knowledge gap was of great significance as N₂O and CO₂ are the major greenhouse gasses emitted from agricultural soil.

Unfortunately, emissions are very episodic and therefore often missed or not fully captured using traditional sampling methods which are labor-intensive and conducted intermittently. Traditional methods, such as using static-vented chambers, are also challenging to deploy and execute during spring thaw, which is a particularly important time in Prairie Canada for N₂O emissions.

To further complicate the knowledge gap, about ten years of data collection is required to thoroughly quantify changes in soil organic matter levels resulting from farming practices. Short-term studies, while easier to conduct, are insufficient to determine the consequences of farming practices on carbon sequestration.

As a result of the knowledge gap and the underlying difficulties with addressing it, Dr. Tenuta realized that a micrometeorological system to monitor whole-field fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ was needed for Prairie Canada. In 2005, as part of the new National Centre for Livestock and the Environment (NCLE) initiative and with funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), under the leadership of Dr. Mario Tenuta and with technical assistance from Dr. Brian Amiro (University of Manitoba) and help from Applied Soil Ecology Lab technicians, Trace Gas Manitoba (TGAS-MAN) was established.

TGAS-MAN was envisioned to be a long-term site to test farming practices and their impact on greenhouse gas emissions, with the goal of providing empirical data to guide best management practices to lower emissions. Which farming practices are tested have changed over time to address current questions as technology and farming practices evolved.

Site & Infrastructure

TGAS-MAN is located in the Red River Valley approximately 16 km south of Winnipeg, MB, Canada. The area is a glaciolacustrine floodplain with near to level topography (0-0.5%), extreme humid-continental climate, and fine clay soils predominantly of the Red River (Gleyed Humic Vertisol) and Osborne (Gleysolic Humic Vertisol) soil series. The field is imperfectly drained and periodic flooding and excessive soil moisture, often around snow melt in spring or heavy early growing season rains, are not uncommon.

The TGAS-MAN field site is located in a 30-ha farmed field and consists of four 200m x 200m (4-ha) experimental plots arranged in a 2×2 grid.

At the epicenter of TGAS-MAN is the Tunable Diode Laser absorption spectrophotometer (Campbell TGAS100A) trace gas analyzer. Housed in an insulated trailer located at the junction of the four experimental plots, the trace gas analyzer continuously measures direct emissions from the TGAS-MAN plots for flux-gradient estimation of N₂O and CO₂ from soil.

The flux (F) of N₂O and CO₂ between the crop system and lower atmosphere is determined as:

Each plot is outfitted with its own micrometeorology station, which monitors environmental conditions such as wind speed and direction, air temperature, and soil moisture and temperature. The station’s sonic anemometer-thermometer measures temperature and 3-D wind velocities, and these data are used to estimate the turbulent transfer coefficient, K.

Gas intakes separated by a vertical height difference (Δz) on each micrometeorological station alternately provide air samples to the analyzer, switching every 15 seconds. These data are used to determine the vertical concentration gradient (ΔC) of N₂O and CO₂. Only one plot is sampled at a time, for 30 minutes, yielding a maximum of 12 half-hourly flux-gradient estimates of N₂O and CO₂ from soil each day.

A fully-equipped weather station is located 25m southwest of the trailer, which measures wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, precipitation, barometric pressure, snow depth, soil temperature and moisture content at various depths, incoming solar radiation, and photosynthetically active photon flux density.

See more photos from TGAS-MAN here.

Experimental Manipulation

During each phase of research, several short-term projects were conducted. These involved experimental manipulation of farming practices on the TGAS-MAN plots, such as using different tillage intensities, annual vs. perennial cropping systems, and timing of fertilizer application. Data collected during these experiments are also used to address additional research objectives as well as contribute to a larger nitrous oxide dataset.

Open access to archived (2006-2016) TGAS-MAN flux gradient micrometeorological data is available here.

The table below summarizes the crops grown and research project of each year (i.e. growing season), as well as the corresponding project number.

PHASE 1

YEAR	Plots 1 & 4	Plots 2 & 3	Experimental Manipulation
2005	Fallow Year	Fallow Year	– –
2006	Corn	Corn	1) Tillage Intensity
2007	Faba Bean	Faba Bean	1) Tillage Intensity
2008	Alfalfa + Grass	Spring Wheat	1) Tillage Intensity 4) Annual vs Annual-Perennial
2009	Alfalfa + Grass	Canola	4) Annual vs Annual-Perennial
2010	Alfalfa + Grass	Barley	4) Annual vs Annual-Perennial
2011	Alfalfa + Grass	Spring Wheat	4) Annual vs Annual-Perennial 8) Fall vs Spring-Applied AA
2012	Corn	Corn	8) Fall vs Spring-Applied AA
2013	Soybean	Soybean	No Manipulation
2014	Wheat	Wheat	” “
2015	Soybean	Soybean	” “
2016	Soybean	Soybean	” “
2017	Corn	Corn	” “
2018	Canola	Canola then Fall Rye Cover Crop	” “

PHASE 2

YEAR	Plots 1 & 4	Plots 2 & 3	Experimental Manipulation
2019	Oats then Fall Rye Cover Crop	Oats	11) Cover Crop
2020	Canola then Fall Rye Cover Crop	Canola	11) Cover Crop
2021	Hard Red Spring Wheat	Hard Red Spring Wheat then Fall Rye Cover Crop	11) Cover Crop
2022	Spring Wheat	Spring Wheat	11) Cover Crop
2023	Canola	Canola	13) Nitrification Inhibitors

PHASE 1: 2005-2018

Prior to establishment of TGAS-MAN, the field site was under a C₃ crop rotation (primarily cereals and oilseeds) and managed using conventional/intensive tillage techniques. Set-up and monitoring of the TGAS-MAN experimental plots began in the fall of 2005 following a Fallow Year during which no crop was planted or fertilizer used and weed management was by tillage and chemical means.

Over the next thirteen years, micrometeorological conditions and emissions were monitored multiple times daily, almost without interruption. Field conditions during the growing season were also monitored: soil samples were collected from all plots several times throughout each growing season and analyzed for gravimetric moisture content and nitrate (NO₃) and ammonium (NH₄) content; biomass samples were collected annually at harvest and analyzed for yield and total carbon and nitrogen content. Crop rotations during Phase 1 of TGAS-MAN included alfalfa + grass, barley, canola, corn / maize, faba bean, soybean, and spring wheat. Phase 1 ended with the seeding of a fall rye cover crop 2018.

1) Affect of Conventional vs. Reduced Tillage on Carbon Dioxide Exchange (2006-2008)

A comparison of the effects of conventional/intensive tillage vs reduced tillage on CO₂ exchange was conducted during the 2006 through 2008 growing seasons. All plots were planted with corn and faba bean in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In 2008, plots 2 and 3 were planted with spring wheat while plots 1 and 4 were planted with a perennial forage crop and thus omitted from the study. To compare the two farming practices, plots 1 and 4 were managed using reduced tillage while plots 2 and 3 were managed with conventional/intensive tillage. The flux-gradient method was used to determine the net exchange of CO₂ between the soil-crop system and the lower atmosphere. It was found that tillage intensity did not affect CO₂ emissions, but possibly because of relatively large variability among the four experimental plots.

• Glenn, A.J., Amiro, B.D., Tenuta, M., Stewart, S.E., and Wagner-Riddle, C. (2010). Carbon dioxide exchange in a northern prairie cropping system over three years. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 150: 908-918. (PREVIEW)

2) Crop Residue Carbon and Soil Respiration (2006-2007)

To determine the relative contributions of crop residue carbon and soil organic carbon pools to respiration in a northern agroecosystem where the non-growing season is long, carbon dioxide flux-gradient data from all plots were examined during two non-growing periods: post-harvest to pre-freeze in the fall of 2006 and post snowmelt and pre-field operations in the spring of 2007. Non-growing period ecosystem respiration rates were found to be higher from intensive tillage than reduced tillage plots in Fall 2006 following the maize harvest. However, during the following spring, overall higher respiration fluxes resulted in similar cumulative CO₂ budgets over the non-growing periods for the two tillage treatments.

• Glenn, A.J., Amiro, B.D., Tenuta, M., Wagner-Riddle, C., Drewitt, G., and Warland, J. (2011). Contribution of crop residue carbon to soil respiration at a northern Prairie site using stable isotope flux measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 151: 1045-1054. (DOWNLOAD)

3) Nitrous Oxide Emissions from an Annual Crop Rotation (2006-2008)

To address the lack of multi-year studies of N₂O emissions from poorly drained floodplain soil, emissions were monitored at TGAS-MAN from 2006 through to 2008, during which time all plots were planted with a corn, faba bean, and spring wheat rotation. Because of the concurrent tillage study, this project was also able to investigate the effects of different tillage practices on N₂O emissions. It was found that N₂O emissions from fertilizer N addition and soil thaw in spring in 2006 (corn/maize) and 2008 (spring wheat) accounted for nearly half of all emissions over the three crop years studied. The conversion from intensive tillage to reduced tillage practiced showed no difference in N₂O emissions; longer imposition of reduced tillage and more replicated plots may be needed to observe an impact.

• Aaron Glenn – PhD Thesis (2006-2010) Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Budget for an Annual Cropping System in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, Canada (DOWNLOAD)
• Glenn, A.J., Tenuta, M., Amiro, B.D., Maas, S.E., and Wagner-Riddle, C. (2012). Nitrous oxide emissions from an annual crop rotation on poorly drained soil on the Canadian Prairies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 166-167: 41-49. (PREVIEW)

4) Short-Term Effects of Annual vs. Annual-Perennial Crop Rotation on Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Flux (2008-2011)

The short-term benefit of including perennial forage in an annual crop rotation on CO₂ and N₂O emissions was investigated from 2008 through to 2011. During this time, plots 1 and 4 were converted from annual crops to perennial forage composed of alfalfa and timothy grass while plots 2 and 3 continued with the annual crops wheat, canola, and barley. CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured continuously using the flux-gradient micrometeorological method. During the first two years, the newly established perennial forage alfalfa was nearly twice the sink for atmospheric CO₂ and emitted less than a quarter of the N₂O than annual crops. Jump to Long-Term Effects of Perennial vs. Annual Cropping.

• Siobhan Maas – MSc Thesis (2009-2011) Perennial Legume Phase and Annual Crop Rotation Influences on CO₂ and N₂O Fluxes Over Two Years in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, Canada (DOWNLOAD)
• Maas, S.E., Glenn, A.J., Tenuta, M., and Amiro, B.D. (2013). Net CO₂ and N₂O exchange during perennial forage establishment in an annual crop rotation in the Red River Valley, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 93: 639-652. (PREVIEW)

5) Carbon Dioxide Uptake of Grain Crops (2006 & 2008)

Data from TGAS-MAN was included in a study of the carbon dioxide uptake and ecophysiological parameters of 13 maize and wheat fields across midcontinent North America, all of which were monitored using flux towers.

• Gilmanov, T.G., Wylie, B.K., Tieszen, L.L., Tilden, P.M., Baron, V.S., Bernacchi, C.J., Billesbach, D.P., Burba, G.G., Fischer, M.L., Glenn A.J., Hanan, N.P., Hatfield, J.L., Heuer, M.W., Hollinger, S.E., Howard, D.M., Matamala, R., Prueger, J.H., Tenuta, M., and Young, D.G. (2013). CO2 uptake and ecophysiological parameters of the grain crops of mid-continent North America: Estimates from flux tower measurements. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 164: 162-175. (PREVIEW)

6) Productivity and Carbon Dioxide Exchange of Leguminous Crops (2007)

TGAS-MAN data from 2007, when all experimental fields were planted with faba bean, were included in a study of the carbon dioxide exchange of legume crops at 17 flux tower sites in North America and 3 in Europe.

• Gilmanov, T.G., Baker, J.M., Bernacchi, C.J., Billesbach, D.P., Burba, G.G., Castro, S., Eugster, W., Fischer, M.L., Gamon, J.A., Gebremedhin, M.T., Glenn, A.J., Griffis, T.J., Hatfield, J.L., Heuer, W.L., Howard, D.M., Leclerc, M.Y., Loescher, H.W., Matamala, R., Meyers, T.P., Phillips, R.L., Prueger, J.H., Suyker, A.E., Tenuta, M., and Wylie, B.K. (2014). Productivity and carbon dioxide exchange of leguminous crops: Estimates from flux tower measurements. Agronomy Journal. 106: 545-559. (PREVIEW)

7) Validation of the DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC) Model (2006-2012)

The TGAS-MAN dataset is a rare case of continuous N₂O emissions measured over multiple years along with a robust set of accompanying parameters, including weather conditions, soil conditions, and biomass/yield observations. These data were used to assess the ability of the DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC) Model to estimate N₂O emissions and soil mineral N under varying crop-management regimes and environmental conditions, including wet vs dry years, annual vs annual-perennial cropping systems, and fall vs spring-applied anhydrous ammonia.

• Uzoma, K.C., Smith, W.N., Grant, B.B., Desjardins, R.L., Gao, X., Hanis, K., Tenuta, M., Goglio, P., and Li, C. (2015). Assessing the effects of agricultural management on nitrous oxide emissions using flux measurements and the CAN-DNDC model. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 206: 71-83. (PREVIEW)

8) Fall vs. Spring-Applied Anhydrous Ammonia (2011-2012)

In 2011 and 2012, Plots 2 and 3 were used to compare the effects of late fall and pre-plant application of anhydrous ammonia on N₂O emissions. Spring wheat and corn were planted in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and field-scale flux of N₂O was measured using each plot’s micrometeorological station. It was found that late fall application of anhydrous ammonia before freeze-up increased N₂O emissions at thaw and decreased emissions for the early growing season compared to spring pre-plant application

• Tenuta, M., Gao, X., Flaten, D.N., and Amiro, B.D. (2016). Lower nitrous oxide emissions from anhydrous ammonia application prior to soil freezing in late fall than spring pre-plant application. Journal of Environmental Quality. 45(4): 1135-1143. (DOWNLOAD)

9) Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Nitrous Oxide Emissions (2006-2014)

Data collected at TGAS-MAN from 2006 to 2014 and at a similar micrometeorological experimental site in Elora, Ontario from 2000 to 2014, was used to investigate the contribution of seasonal freezing to N₂O emissions from croplands. It was found that these are episodic, usually occurring at spring thaw and following fertilizer application and precipitation events.

• Wagner-Riddle, C., Congreves, K.A., Abalos, D., Berg, A.A., Brown, S.E., Ambadan, J.T., Gao, X., and Tenuta, M. (2017). Globally important nitrous oxide emissions from croplands induced by freeze-thaw cycles. Nature Geoscience. 10: 279–283. (PREVIEW)

10) Long-term Effects of Annual vs. Annual-Perennial Crop Rotation on Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Flux (2006-2016)

Nitrous oxide and carbon flux data collected from 2006-2016 showed that there was no significant difference in emissions from the annual and annual-perennial crop rotations, because of large emissions following termination of the perennial crop in 2011. It was also found that N application rate and time integrated concentration (nitrate exposure) were more important than environmental factors, such as soil nitrate exposure or soil ammonium concentrations, to N₂O emissions.

• Tenuta, M., Amiro, B., Gao, X., Wagner-Riddle, C., and Gervais, M. (2019) Agricultural management practices and environmental drivers of nitrous oxide emissions over a decade for an annual and an annual-perennial crop rotation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 267-277: 107636 (PREVIEW).
• Amiro, B., Tenuta, M., Gervais, M., Glenn, A., and Gao, X. (2017). A decade of carbon flux measurements with annual and perennial crop rotations on the Canadian Prairies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 247: 491-502. (PREVIEW)

Continued monitoring under conventional farming practices (2013-2018)

No experimental manipulations were conducted at TGAS-MAN from 2013 through to 2018, though monitoring of emissions and field conditions continued. This period allowed the plots time to recover from manipulations that had taken place during the previous seven growing seasons, in preparation for Phase 2 of TGAS-MAN.

PHASE 2: 2019-

On August 29, 2018, a cover crop of Fall Rye was seeded without fertilizer and only in the east plots (Plot 2 and 3) of TGAS-MAN, marking the beginning of Phase 2 and a new project investigating the effects of cover cropping on greenhouse gas emissions.

11) Effects of Cover Crops on Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage (2018-2021)

Cover cropping is an increasingly popular practice on the Canadian prairies, but one with unknown effects on greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in cooler climates where spring thaw can contribute 20-50% of emissions for conventional systems. To address this knowledge gap, a fall rye cover crop was seeded on half the TGAS-MAN plots for four years, beginning in 2018. Data collected during that time is being used to investigate (1) if covers cause reduced thaw emissions by lowering soil NO₃^–, (2) how low those levels need to be to limit emissions, or alternatively, (3) if covers increase spring thaw emissions by increasing C availability to denitrifiers, particularly with termination before planting.

• Katie Webb – MSc Thesis (2021-2023) Effect of Fall Rye Cover Crop on CO₂ and N₂O Fluxes Over 4 years in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, Canada (DOWNLOAD)

12) Mechanisms Behind Spring Thaw N₂O Emissions (2022-)

High rates of N₂O emissions frequently occur during spring-thaw in croplands of cold climates. This project investigates the contribution and mechanisms of seasonal freeze-thaw to N₂O emissions from a typical cereal-oilseed crop rotation system under cold conditions in Manitoba.

The specific objectives are to (1) examine the temporal and spatial changes of soil atmosphere N₂O concentration in the soil profile during the spring-thaw period as impacted by management practices, (2) determine the driving soil conditions that control spring-thaw N₂O emissions, and (3) compare spring-thaw N₂O flux estimates based on the soil profile diffusion process with in-parallel measurements using the flux-gradient method.

The principle investigator is Dr. Xiaopeng Gao, and the project is supported by Research Manitoba’s New Investigator Operating Grant.

13) Nitrification Inhibitors (2023-)

The most recent field manipulations focus on determining the effect of nitrification inhibition on whole-year direct N₂O emissions. In 2023, all plots were seeded with canola and fertilized in spring with granular urea, but only the north plots (1 and 2) received a nitrification inhibitor (SuperU^®, KOCH Agronomic Services).

A similar study is being conducted at TGAS-HM, allowing for a comparison of nitrification inhibition on direct N₂O emissions from clay vs light soil.

TGAS-MAN Support and Funding Sources

Past and present support and funding for the operation and maintenance of TGAS-MAN and research conducted at the field site has come from the following sources:

• AAFC Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Program (AGGP)
• AAFC Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP)
• Bell-MTS Innovations in Agriculture Program
• BIOCAP Canada
• Canada Research Chair in Applied Soil Ecology
• Canadian Fertilizer Institute
• Canadian Foundation for Innovation grant to NCLE
• Fertilizer Canada
• General Mills
• Manitoba Sustainable Agriculture Practices Program (Government of Manitoba)
• National Centre for Livestock and the Environment (NCLE)
• NSERC Discovery Grant Program
• NSERC Industrial Research Chair
• NSERC Strategic Grant
• Research Manitoba
• Prairie Improvement Network (formerly Manitoba Rural Adaptation Council)
• Western Grains Research Foundation

A special thanks to Marcus Loeppky and Paul Loeppky, who conduct agronomic activities at TGAS-MAN.

Last Updated: September 21, 2023